Eventually, Rome defeated Carthage, but was perhaps too demanding in the reparations it asked of Carthage as part of the Peace Treaty. The First Punic War lasted until 241 BC and required Rome to become as adept at maritime battles as it had become at land battles. Carthage was a major opponent that controlled much of the land around the Mediterranean Sea, including North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. The next major stage of Roman history began in 264 BC with the start of the Punic Wars against Carthage. Eventually, however, Rome subdued all of its enemies on the peninsula, establishing colonies on the once-disputed land which would lay the groundwork for the later expansion of the Roman Empire throughout much of Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. Over time, elected officials or "magistracies" were opened up to the common people or "plebeians" as opposed to merely the rich "patricians." Until 281 BC, the Roman Republic was engaged in numerous armed conflicts with its neighbors on the Italian Peninsula, including the Gauls and the Etruscans. While the Republic was an oligarchy-a small number of wealthy families populated its administrative and elected roles-its use of a Constitution, a Senate, and elections make it one of the most influential forms of government on modern democracy, as we know it. After roughly two hundred years of being ruled as a kingdom, Rome became a Republic around 509 BC. Rome thus took the name of Romulus and soon became a safe haven for exiles and other refugees in order to build up its population. Unfortunately, an argument of indeterminate nature caused Romulus to kill Remus. When the boys came of age, they sought to found a new city. He attempted to drown the twins, but a she-wolf rescued them, later nursing and sheltering the boys. Owing to their divine births, Rhea Silva's uncle Amulius feared that Romulus and Remus would grow up to steal the throne of Alba Longa, the Latin city that Amulius ruled.
It was also said that their mother, Rhea Silvia, was impregnated with the brothers after being raped by Mars, the Roman god of war, meaning that the twins were half-divine or demigods.
They were said to be descendants of the Trojan prince Aeneas, one of the greatest heroes of Western myth. According to legend, Rome was founded in 753 BC by the twin brothers Romulus and Remus. The book's title refers to the phrase Senatus Populusque Romanus, which means "The Senate and people of Rome" in Latin. In just over 600 pages, the book covers roughly a thousand years of Roman history, from the myth of its founding in 753 BC by the twin brothers Romulus and Remus, until AD 212 when Emperor Caracalla made all non-slaves living in the Empire Roman citizens.
SPQR (2015) is a non-fiction book about the history of Ancient Rome by the prominent English author and historian Mary Beard.
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